Friday, April 19, 2013

Experiments performed in the United States: Radiation



Human radiation experiments

Main article: Unethical human experimentation in the United States#Human radiation experiments
Numerous human radiation experiments have been performed in the United States, many of which were funded by various U.S. government agencies [1] such as the United States Department of Defense and the United States Atomic Energy Commission. Experiments included, but were not limited to:
  • Injecting radioactive iodine into pregnant women seeking abortion, in order to track the mass transfer between placenta and carriers bloodstream. Another experiment administered radioactive iodine to newborns.[citation needed]
  • irradiating the heads of children[2]
  • feeding radioactive material to mentally disabled children[3]
  • exposing U.S. soldiers and prisoners to high levels of radiation[3]
  • irradiating the testicles of prisoners, which caused severe birth defects[3]
  • exhuming bodies from graveyards to test them for radiation (without the consent of the families of the deceased)[4]
[5]
On January 15, 1994, President Bill Clinton formed the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments (ACHRE), chaired by Ruth Faden, Ph.D., MPH [6] of the Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics. One of the primary motivating factors behind his decision to create ACHRE was action taken by his newly appointed Secretary of Energy, Hazel O’Leary, J.D. One of her first actions on taking the reins of the Department of Energy was to announce a new openness policy for the Department.

The policy led almost immediately to the release of over 1.6 million pages of classified records. The records made clear that since the 1940s the Atomic Energy Commission had been sponsoring tests on the effects of radiation on the human body. American citizens who had checked into hospitals for a variety of ailments were secretly injected with varying amounts of plutonium and other radioactive materials without their knowledge.

Most patients thought it was "just another injection," but the secret studies left enough radioactive material in many of the patients' bodies to induce life threatening conditions. Such experiments were not limited to hospital patients, but included other populations such as those set out above, e.g., orphans fed irradiated milk, children injected with radioactive materials, prisoners in Washington and Oregon state prisons. Much of the experimentation was carried out in order to assess how the human body metabolizes radioactive materials, information that could be used by the Departments of Energy and Defense in Cold War defense/attack planning.

ACHRE's final report was also a factor in the Department of Energy establishing an Office of Human Radiation Experiments (OHRE) that assured publication of DOE’s involvement (by way of its predecessor, the AEC) in Cold War radiation research and experimentation on human subjects. The final report issued by the ACHRE can be found at the Department of Energy's website:.[7]

References
  1. ^ U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Energy Conservation and Power. American Nuclear Guinea Pigs: Three Decades of Radiation Experiments on US. Citizens. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  2. ^ Kaye, Jeff. "Documentary on Early U.S. Radiation Experiments on Black Children". firedoglake. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  3. ^ a b c The Plutonium Files: America's secret medical experiments in the Cold War, by Eileen Welsome, Dial Press, c1999, New York, N.Y., ISBN 0-385-31402-7
  4. ^ http://www.sehd.scot.nhs.uk/scotorgrev/Documents/Project%20Sunshine%20%20slippery%20slope.pdf
  5. ^ For a full history of federal government activity in the areas of understanding the behavior of radioactive isotopes in living organisms and the environment see Stannard, J. Newell. Radioactivity and Health A History. 3 vols. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Health and Environmental Research, (Contract DE-AC06-76RLO 1830), Richland: Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Battelle Memorial Institute, 1988.
  6. ^ http://www.bioethicsinstitute.org/mshome/?id=64
  7. ^ http://www.eh.doe.gov/ohre/roadmap/achre/report.html

[edit] Further reading

[edit] External links

Click here to read about the whole nasty business:

DOE Openness:

Human Radiation Experiments


The Office of Human Radiation Experiments, established in March 1994, leads the Department of Energy's efforts to tell the agency's Cold War story of radiation research using human subjects. We have undertaken an intensive effort to identify and catalog relevant historical documents from DOE's 3.2 million cubic feet of records scattered across the country. Internet access to these resources is a key part of making DOE more open and responsive to the American public.
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