Monday, December 31, 2012

Continue the ban on uranium mining

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The Editorial Board | Posted: Sunday, December 30, 2012 6:00 am 
      
For the past five years, the Dan River Region has been debating whether we want the 119-million-pound uranium ore deposit outside Chatham mined.


tailings dams failures :  South Africa

During that time, this newspaper has carefully listened to officials from Virginia Uranium Inc., the business community, environmentalists and other interested citizens. We’ve read the reports, waded through the details and pondered our future both with and without the project.

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Decantation pond failure on March 20, 2004, Comurhex Malvési, France

During that time, we have heard a lot about how much uranium mining has changed for the better since the last time this community was told that a company wanted to mine uranium at Coles Hill. No doubt in another 30 years uranium mining methods will continue to improve.

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Los Frailes lead-zinc tailings dam failure from ground failure, Aznalcóllar, Spain, April 25, 1998

But the issue before our community at this time is whether to allow Virginia Uranium to proceed.

The company has not made its case that uranium can be mined safely as we and most people in this community understand that word.

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UNC Church Rock uranium mill tailings dam failure, New Mexico, USA, July 16, 1979

We’re asking the Virginia General Assembly to continue the 1982 moratorium on uranium mining.

Once the mining and milling is complete, Virginia Uranium Inc. would leave behind most of the rock it mines. Those waste rocks, called tailings, would remain radioactive and dangerous to the local environment.

Stava aerial view before dam failure - Scroll down!
On July 19, 1985, a fluorite tailings dam of Prealpi Mineraia failed at Stava, Trento, Italy. 200,000 m3 of tailings flowed 4.2 km downstream at a speed of up to 90 km/h, killing 268 people and destroying 62 buildings. The total surface area affected was 43.5 hectares


Tailings would have to be watched and monitored long after every dollar earned by Virginia Uranium has been spent on profits, expenses, salaries and taxes.

New Uranium Mine Flood Tightens Uranium Supply - Prices to go Higher
Ranger Mine Overflows (Open Pit)

It would be a toxic, radioactive gift to future generations — and if the tailings got into the environment, they would spoil Pittsylvania County’s prized land, air and water.

Aerial view of dam-building work on the south side of the Talvivaara mine area.
Talvivaara mine area:  Hundreds of thousands of cubic metres of waste water have leaked since Sunday, some flowing out of the mine area into the surrounding nature

The problem with uranium mining is that it doesn’t leave any room for error.
Hungary Sludge Spill

The red sludge spill in Ajka, Hungary was clearly visible from space.

The regulations for uranium mining in Virginia would have to be thorough. The regulators would have to be extraordinarily vigilant to catch violations before they become serious problems. The workers would have to be well-trained and conscientious.

In short, a lot of things would have to go right for uranium to be mined safely in our community.
Is any human endeavor fool proof? Of course not.

The uranium question asks us to put our faith in men and methods to extract one of the most dangerous elements known to man so that a handful of people can make a lot of money.

It is a risk the Dan River Region can’t afford to take, because we plan to live here long after Virginia Uranium has taken what it wants from our community.

http://www.newsadvance.com/go_dan_river/opinion/editorials/article_80060ca8-5130-11e2-a59a-0019bb30f31a.html

http://www.wise-uranium.org/mdafst.html

http://www.wise-uranium.org/stk.html?src=stkd01e&show=m

http://www.wise-uranium.org/umopaura.html#RANGER

http://yle.fi/uutiset/ministry_chief_talvivaara_mine_should_be_shut_down/6367983

http://e360.yale.edu/feature/hungarys_red_sludge_spill_the_media_and_the_eco-disaster/2330/

Problems and Bans on Uranium Mining

Kazakhstan flag

Fire at sulfuric acid plant affects uranium production

A fire at a sulfuric acid production plant has led to rationing in Kazakhstan. KazAtomProm said supply problems should be resolved by the end of the year but it might have to revise uranium production forecasts for early 2008. Sulfuric acid is used as the main chemical reagent in in-situ leaching (ISL) uranium production, which is able to extract uranium with no need for excavation. In addition to disruption by fire at one plant, the start-up of some new facilities has also been delayed. The result has been rationing of acid, which could continue into the second quarter of 2008. The problem is particularly important for Kazakh uranium mining, which predominantly uses ISL and requires large amounts of non-reusable sulfuric acid to counter the neutralising effect of the high carbonate content of Kazakh orebodies. (WNA Nov. 5, 2007)

Penalty imposed on Muyunkum ISL mine: The Kazakhstan environmental department has imposed a penalty of 40 million Tenge (US$ 338,000) on KATCO for violations of environmental law. (Kazakhstan Today Aug. 4, 2008)
As KATCO refused to pay, the environmental department now turns to the administrative court for a forced penalty. (Kazakhstan Today Oct. 31, 2008)

Wind River road project for Cash Minerals' uranium exploration project in the Wernecke Mountains

Environmentalists in the Yukon are preparing to fight a proposed winter road in the Wind River area, arguing that it would threaten one of North America's finest watersheds. Cash Minerals external link, which is exploring for uranium in the central Yukon area, included a winter road along the river in its land-use application. The proposed road, which would lead to the company's uranium claims, would follow an old mining road known as the Wind River Trail north of Keno.

Protests against proposed uranium exploration at Foghorn property

Around 300 people gathered on July 10, 2006, to protest the exploration of uranium deposits on the Foghorn property, the possibility of a mine, and uranium mining in general. The protestors gathered outside the Clearwater Resource Centre, where International Ranger Corporation external link held an open house to answer questions and concerns citizens of the valley had about the drilling and exploration that the company has applied for a permit for from the The Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources. (Clearwater Times July 17, 2006)

Québec plans public inquiry into environmental impacts of uranium projects in the Province, delaying Matoush project

The Minister of the Environment of Québec plans to ask the Bureau d'audiences publiques sur l'environnement external link (BAPE - Office of Public Inquiries on the Environment) to assess the impacts of uranium exploration and exploitation in the province.
This announcement dampens the enthusiasm of mining company Strateco Resources, which received CNSC approval for its Matoush exploration project on Wednesday (Oct. 17). On Thursday (Oct. 18), minister Breton declared that the company will have to wait for the conclusions to be drawn by BAPE. (Radio Canada Oct. 18, 2012)

Grand Council of the Crees demands moratorium on uranium mining in northern Québec

On Aug. 8, 2012, the General Assembly of the Grand Council of the Crees unanimously adopted a resolution demanding a moratorium on uranium mining in slightly less than half of the area covered by the Plan Nord of the liberal government [1.2 million square kilometres north of the 49th parallel]. The Cree are particularly worried about the radioactive wastes that will permanently be dumped on their territory, while there exist no proven methods to prevent the risks of contamination of humans and damage to the environment. (Le Devoir Aug. 9, 2012)

Petition for uranium moratorium presented to National Assembly of Québec

On Nov. 8, 2011, Amir Khadir, member of parliament of Mercier accepted to present a petition for a moratorium on uranium exploration and mining to the National Assembly of Québec. The petition was signed by 5,073 persons from the Bonaventure area (Gaspé peninsula). (L'Écho de la Baie Nov. 9, 2011)

Teachers' association takes position against uranium exploration and mining in northern Québec

The Association of employees of Northern Quebec (AENQ-CSQ), affiliated to the Centrale des syndicats du Québec (CSQ), takes position against the exploration and exploitation of uranium ore, whether it be in Mistissini or Kangiqsualujjuaq. The Association of Employees of Northern Quebec has over 1,500 members. It represents, teachers and support staff of the Cree and Kativik school boards as well as employees of childcare centres in the Cree Territory. (AENQ Oct. 29, 2010)

Petition against nuclear power and for uranium moratorium presented to National Assembly of Québec

A petition launched by Artists for Peace and signed by 4300 people demands that Québec retracts completely from nuclear energy, from prospection for uranium to its use in nuclear power plants. The petition was presented to the National Assembly by Amir Khadir, member of parliament of Mercier on Mar. 18, 2010. (Radio Canada Mar. 18, 2010)

Petitions for uranium moratorium presented to National Assembly of Québec

On Feb. 17, 2010, three petitions demanding a moratorium for uranium exploration and mining in Québec have been presented to the National Assembly of Québec. The petitions were signed by almost 14,000 persons. (Radio Canada Feb. 17, 2010)

Moratorium on uranium exploration in Québec denied

Québec vice minister of natural resources Serge Simard does not intend to follow demands of the mouvement Côte-Nord sans uranium to impose a moratorium on uranium exploration. (Radio Canada Nov. 16, 2009)

Uranium exploration in Betsiamites reservation

Inuit oppose uranium mining in northern Québec: For two weeks already, Inuit inhabitants have established a camp at the exit of the Betsiamites reservation. They protest against the Province government's Plan Nord for the exploitation of the natural resources of Northern Québec. Among others, they complained about the fact that uranium will not be excluded from the list of exploitable minerals. (Le Devoir Jun. 1, 2011)

Uranium exploration in Gaspé peninsula

Uranium exploration project near Pointe-à-la-Croix abandoned after protests: Terra Firma Resources Inc. has decided to abandon its uranium exploration project near Pointe-à-la-Croix. (Radio Canada Apr. 21, 2011)
Property owners of Pointe-à-la-Croix forbid exploration company to enter their ground: More than 125 property owners have sent registered letters forbidding access to their ground to the company Terra Firma Resources Inc. The company wants to explore uranium deposits in the Pointe-à-la-Croix area. (Radio Canada Apr. 13, 2011) Doctors and Métis demand moratorium for uranium exploration in Gaspé peninsula 18 medical doctors in the Baie des Chaleurs area have signed an open letter demanding the halt of uranium exploration at Pointe-à-la-Croix and Escuminac. The Métis community of Gaspé, too, has demanded a moratorium. (L'Écho de la Baie Feb. 1, 2011)
On Feb. 2, 2011, the Conseil d'administration of the Centre de santé et de services sociaux de la Baie-des-Chaleurs external link (CSSSBC) has demanded the Québec government to impose a moratorium on uranium exploration and mining on the territory of Baie-des-Chaleurs, until the results of a study on the health effects of uranium are available. The results of the study conducted by experts of the Institut national de santé publique du Québec external link (INSPQ) are expected in winter 2012.
> Download CSSSBC communique Feb. 2, 2012 external link (PDF - in French) Uranium exploration on Gaspé peninsula faces obstacles The uranium exploration planned by Terra Firma Resources Inc. external link on its Restigouche property on Gaspé peninsula faces obstacles: the most promising Cross Point block is soon to be added to the Listuguj Indian Reserve external link; in addition, the mayor of Pointe-à-la-Croix firmly opposes uranium exploration and mining at the Mann block and supports the newly formed Coalition Stop uranium Baie des Chaleurs external link. (Le Soleil Nov. 25, 2010)

Uranium exploration in Mingan area

Company postpones uranium exploration project in Mingan area due to anti-uranium stir in Québec: Gimus Resources Inc. announced on Nov. 2, 2012: "Considering the recent developments in the uranium sector in Québec, the Company decided to postpone any additional exploration work on its Baie Johann-Beetz Property."
Municipalities oppose uranium mining in Mingan area: Petition against uranium exploration in Mingan area: The group "Minganie sans uranium" will present a petition with more than 900 signatures to the city council of Havre-Saint-Pierre Monday night (Nov. 7). The petition demands the council members to adopt a resolution opposing uranium exploration and mining. The other seven municipalities of the Mingan area have adopted such resolutions already. (Radio Canada Nov. 7, 2011)
On Nov. 7, 2011, the city council of Havre-Saint-Pierre adopted a resolution against uranium exploration and mining. The group "Minganie sans uranium" now plans to ask the regional county municipality (MRC) of Minganie to take position against the uranium activities. (Radio Canada Nov. 8, 2011) In response to a complaint filed by citizens of the Côte-Nord area, the Ministry of Environment of Québec external link will send an inspector to the uranium exploration site near Baie-Johan-Beetz. The citizens fear an impact of the drilling operations on their drinking water resource. (Le Soleil Jul. 13, 2011) The municipality of Baie-Johan-Beetz and several others oppose any uranium mining in the Mingan area. Currently, Uracan Resources external link is exploring a site 10 km north of Baie-Johan-Beetz. (Radio Canada Jan. 25, 2010)

Uranium exploration in Nunavik

NGOs and local government oppose uranium exploration and mining near proposed Kuururjuaq Park in Nunavik (Québec): Uranium exploration companies don't want Kuururjuaq, Nunavik's second provincial park, to prevent them from mining near the area. But several other groups want to see park boundaries expanded by 1,800 sq km to protect rare fossils, pristine lakes, and caribou breeding grounds nearby. Arguments for the two opposing views surfaced during public hearings held March 14 and 15, 2007 external link, in Kangiqsualujjuaq on planning for Kuururjuaq Park. Azimut Exploration Inc. external link, a Montreal-based firm with a uranium property near Kuururjuaq, strongly opposes any limits on mineral exploration or mining near the park.
But Makivik Corporation external link said the birthright organization has "very serious reservations" about plans for uranium mining near Kuururjuaq, which includes a scenic mineral-rich belt near the Torngat Mountains. And the Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society external link and the Kativik Regional Government external link (KRG) want to see a buffer zone as well as an expansion of the park's boundaries at Mont Nuvulialuk and around Tasikallak Bay. These groups want the park's boundaries expanded by 1,800 sq km at the south and north ends to protect fossils and lakes near Tasikallak and unique land features near Nuvialuk that date back to the last ice age, including rocky ice fields and remnants of ancient shorelines. (Nunatsiaq News Apr. 20, 2007)

Uranium exploration in Hautes-Laurentides

Demonstration against uranium exploration in Québec: On June 3, 2006, about 70 people gathered at Mont-Laurier to protest against uranium exploration in Québec. The demonstration was organized by the environmental organisation l'Association pour la Protection de l'Environnement des Hautes-Laurentides (APEHL) external link, and a group of students. (L'Écho de la Lièvre, June 20, 2006)

Lac Kachiwiss project

> View deposit details

Trade associations join opposition to uranium exploration at Lac Kachiwiss

Développement économique Sept-Îles (DESI) and the chamber of commerce of Sept-Îles join the municipality to increase the vigilance against the uranium exploration project at lac Kachiwiss. The two organizations are strictly opposed to the project. (Radio Canada Dec. 16, 2009)

Demonstration at Sept-Îles against uranium exploration and mining in Québec

More than 1200 people joined a demonstration against uranium exploration and mining in Québec, organized by the group Sept-Îles Sans Uranium external link at Sept-Îles on Dec. 13, 2009. (Radio Canada/Le Soleil Dec. 13, 2009)

Terra Ventures Inc. puts uranium exploration at controversial Lac Kachiwiss project on hold

On Dec. 11, 2009, Terra Ventures Inc. announced that "Due to current market conditions with respect to U3O8 pricing, the Company did not conduct any core drilling on the Lac Kachiwiss property in 2009. In addition, with the onset of winter, construction work has ceased on the access route to the property. [...]"

Sunday, December 30, 2012

Moratoria and Bans on Uranium Exploration and Mining - in effect

 

 


Canada flag


British Columbia

On April 24, 2008, British Columbia imposed a ban on uranium exploration.
> View regulatory issues On February 27, 1980, the B.C. Minister of Mines had announced a seven-year moratorium on the recording of mineral claims for the purpose of uranium exploration and the development of uranium deposits on existing claims. The moratorium expired in 1987.

Nova Scotia

Nova Scotia has had a moratorium on uranium exploration and mining since 1982. If a company finds uranium in concentrations greater than 100 parts per million, it must report those results and stop digging.
> View regulatory issues

USA flag


Navajo Nation

On April 29, 2005, Navajo Nation President Joseph Shirley Jr. signed the Diné Natural Resources Protection Act of 2005 that outlaws uranium mining and processing on the Navajo reservation.
> View regulatory issues

Grand Canyon area, Arizona

Interior Secretary Ken Salazar formally signed a 20-year moratorium on new uranium and other hard rock mining claims on a million acres of federal lands around the Grand Canyon on January 9, 2012.
> View current issues

Hualapai Tribe

The Hualapai Tribal Council has voted to ban uranium mining on its Tribal lands which are located near the Grand Canyon in Arizona.
> View current issues

Virginia

Uranium mining has been barred in Virginia by a 25-year-old moratorium.
> View current issues

Denmark flag / Greenland flag

Greenland doesn't allow any uranium mining or prospecting to take place on the island. On Nov. 27, 2008, however, the Greenland parliament agreed to support the extraction of uranium as a by-product from mines where other minerals are the primary target (view details).


Ireland flag

Uranium prospection licenses denied in Donegal

Costs of Uranium Mill Tailings Management

 

 

Comments:  No more uranium mining, therefore no cleanup!  Keep the Uranium Mining Ban in VA but everyone, nuke power not wanted, not needed!


(last updated 22 Apr 2012)   > see also: Unit Converter

Comparison on an International Basis


BMWi 1995

Kosten der Stillegung und Sanierung von Urangewinnungsprojekten im internationalen Vergleich - Einflußgrößen und Abhängigkeiten - Auszug aus dem Abschlußbericht zum Forschungsauftrag Nr.37/93, im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft durchgeführt von Uranerzbergbau GmbH, BMWi Studienreihe Nr.90, Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft external link, Bonn 1995 [Comparison of Decommissioning and Cleanup Costs of Uranium Producing Projects on an International Basis; with summaries in English, French, Spanish, and Russian]
"The 14 uranium producing countries investigated with regard to rehabilitation costs represent a cumulative uranium production until and including 1992 of approximately 1.14 million tonnes of uranium or nearly 3 billion pounds of uranium oxide (U3O8). This corresponds to approx. 63% of the entire cumulative world production of uranium. This production is accompanied by about 1,681 million tonnes of processing residues. 780 million tonnes thereof are related to plants which produced or still produce uranium as a by-product. The accumulated and estimated costs for the decommissioning and rehabilitation of the uranium-producing plants referred to in this study amount to about US$ 3.7 billion (cost basis: 1993). The resulting specific rehabilitation costs are US$ 1.25 per lb of U3O8 and US$ 2.20 per tonne of tailings. Omitting plants which produce/produced uranium as by-product of gold and copper production, the specific cost per tonne of milling doubles to nearly US$ 4.00. These cost values are, however, indicative only because the specific costs for different projects and countries vary widely: They range from a minimum of US$ 0.12 per lb of U3O8 (Canada) and US$ 0.12 per tonne of tailings (South Africa), to a maximum of approximately US$ 40 per lb of U3O8 (Sweden) and US$ 68 per tonne of tailings (UMTRA Title I Program, USA). This large range indicates that costs depend on numerous factors having different effects." [...]

Decommissioning and Cleanup Costs of Uranium Producing Projects
Country Production
t U (incl.1992)
Tailings
million t
Total Cost
million US$ (1993)
Specific Cost
US$/t tailings US$/lb U3O8
Australia, total 54,225 98.7 85.10 0.86 0.60
(f) 49,625 18.7 63.30 3.39 0.49
Bulgaria (d) 21,871 23.0 173.10 7.53 3.04
Canada 257,702 160.6 77.10 0.48 0.12
Czech Republic (d) 101,901 48.8 433.33 8.88 1.64
France 70,038 31.4 128.45 4.09 0.71
Gabon 21,446 6.5 30.13 4.64 0.54
Germany, total 218,463
West 650 0.2 15.15 75.76 8.97
East 217,813 160.0 7,878.79 49.24 13.91
Hungary 19,970 19.0 78.40 4.13 1.51
Namibia 53,074 350.0 53.20 0.15 0.39
Niger 56,845 17.2 79.87 4.64 0.54
South Africa 143,305 700.0 81.97 0.12 0.22
Spain 1,145 1.2 14.82 12.35 4.98
Sweden 200 1.5 20.98 13.99 40.35
USA, total (e) 310,000 222.9 2,428.96 10.90 3.01
UMTRA Title I 56,000 31.3 2,140.00 68.37 14.70
UMTRA Title II 254,000 191.6 288.96 1.51 0.44
SUBTOTAL (a) 901.0 3,596.79 3.99
SUBTOTAL (b) 780.0 103.74 0.13
TOTAL 1,141,276 1,681.0 3,700.53 2.20 (c) 1.25

Notes:
(a) from plants where uranium is the only product
(b) from plants where uranium is a by-product of gold and copper production
(c) weighted average
(d) including production from in-situ leaching
(e) excluding non-conventional production (ISL etc.)
(f) without Olympic Dam


NEA/IAEA 2002

Environmental Remediation of Uranium Production Facilities external link, ISBN 92-64-19509-2, OECD NEA / IAEA, Paris, Feb 2002, 328 p.
> View full book online external link (Google books)
> See: Chapter 9. Costs and Funding (p. 103 - 120)

USA: Decommissioning Costs for Title II Sites

Location and Status of Uranium Mills at the End of 1996 external link (map - US DOE IDB97)
Status of Conventional Uranium Mill Sites at the End of 1996 external link (table - US DOE IDB97)
Estimated Decommissioning Costs for Conventional Uranium Production Facilities (a) as of January 1, 1994 (Thousand Dollars)
Name Mill Dismantling Costs Tailings Reclamation Costs Groundwater Restoration Costs Indirect Costs Total Decommiss. Costs
Ambrosia Lake, NM 1,432 12,485 1,183 4,293 19,393
Bear Creek, WY 628 6,635 2,559 2,974 12,796
Cañon City, CO 944 8,123 3,238 530 12,835
Church Rock, NM 709 3,574 2,180 2,134 8,597
Ford, WA 1,000 5,500 5,750 2,500 14,750
Gas Hills (ANC), WY (b) 400 4,800 200 2,000 7,400
Gas Hills (UMETCO), WY 996 8,500 3,735 3,826 17,057
Grants, NM 1,654 6,593 9,972 5,073 23,292
Highland, WY 2,500 5,600 600 900 9,600
L-Bar, NM 709 10,456 729 3,492 15,386
Lisbon, UT 600 5,400 1,600 1,500 9,100
Lucky Mc, WY 565 3,983 2,390 2,253 9,191
Panna Maria, TX 609 5,221 1,700 2,401 9,931
Ray Point, TX 500 1,800 500 1,300 4,100
Shirley Basin, WY 1,094 3,017 603 1,697 6,411
Split Rock, WY 800 10,000 3,614 11,500 25,914
Sweetwater, WY 581 2,776 275 1,426 5,058
Uravan, CO 944 26,751 3,142 7,442 38,279
White Mesa, UT 654 14,656 (c) 0 4,345 19,655
Total 17,319 145,870 43,970 61,586 268,745
Average 912 7,677 2,314 3,241 14,144

Notes:
(a) The following sites did not have complete data and are excluded from this table: Bluewater, Edgemont, Falls City, Moab, Petrotomics, Sherwood, and Shootering.
(b) American Nuclear Corporation.
(c) White Mesa reported "0" for groundwater restoration costs. These costs may have been included under another category. All facilities have at least some groundwater restoration costs.
Source:
Decommissioning of U.S. Uranium Production Facilities. U.S. DOE Energy Information Administration, Report No. DOE/EIA-0592, February 1995.
Available by FTP- Download external link (681k, PDF format).
Mill Tailings Reclamation Summary as of January 1, 1994
Mill (a) Tailings Area (Acre) Tailings Tonnages (Thousand Tons) Tailings Reclamation Costs (b) (Thousand Dollars) Total Decommiss. Costs (b) (Thousand Dollars) Tailings Cost (b) per Ton (Dollars) Total Decommiss. Costs (b) per Ton (Dollars) Tailings Cost (b) per Acre (Dollars) Tailings Tons per Acre
Ambrosia Lake, NM 328 33,180 12,485 19,393 0.38 0.58 38,064 101,159
Bear Creek, WY 150 4,740 6,635 12,796 1.40 2.70 44,233 31,600
Cañon City, CO 165 2,315 8,123 (b) 12,835 3.51 5.54 49,230 14,030
Church Rock, NM 100 3,527 3,574 8,597 1.01 2.44 35,740 35,270
Ford, WA 133 3,086 5,500 14,750 1.78 4.78 41,353 23,203
Gas Hills (ANC), WY (c) 117 5,842 4,800 7,400 0.82 1.27 41,026 49,932
Gas Hills (UMETCO), WY 146 8,047 8,500 17,057 1.06 2.12 58,219 55,116
Grants, NM 215 22,377 6,593 23,292 0.29 1.04 30,665 104,079
Highland, WY 290 11,354 5,600 9,600 0.49 0.85 19,310 39,152
L-Bar, NM 115 2,094 10,456 15,386 4.99 7.35 90,922 18,209
Lisbon, UT 35 3,858 5,400 9,100 1.40 2.36 154,286 110,229
Lucky Mc, WY 248 11,685 3,983 9,191 0.34 0.79 16,060 47,117
Panna Maria, TX 250 6,504 5,221 9,931 0.80 1.55 20,884 26,016
Ray Point, TX 45 441 1,800 4,100 4.08 9.30 40,000 9,800
Shirley Basin, WY 263 8,157 3,017 6,411 0.37 0.80 11,471 31,015
Split Rock, WY 167 7,716 10,000 25,914 1.30 3.36 59,880 46,204
Sweetwater, WY 300 2,315 2,776 5,058 1.20 2.18 9,253 7,717
Uravan, CO 85 10,472 26,751 38,279 2.55 2.66 314,718 123,200
White Mesa, UT 333 3,527 14,656 19,655 4.16 5.57 44,012 10,592
Total 3,485 151,237 145,870 268,745
Average 183 7,960 7,677 14,144 0.97 1.78 41,857 43,397

Notes:
(a) The following sites did not have complete data and are excluded from this table: Bluewater, Edgemont, Falls City, Moab, Petrotomics, Sherwood, and Shootering.
(b) All costs are estimated.
(c) American Nuclear Corporation.
Note: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.
1 acre = 4046.8 m2
1 (short) ton = 907.185 kg

Source:
Decommissioning of U.S. Uranium Production Facilities. U.S. DOE Energy Information Administration, Report No. DOE/EIA-0592, February 1995.
Available by FTP- Download external link (681k, PDF format).
Title X of the Energy Policy Act of 1992: Uranium/Thorium Reimbursement Program
Federal Reimbursement for Costs of Remedial Action at Active Uranium and Thorium Processing Sites
Status of Payments through Fiscal Year 2001 and Estimated Future Payments - Uranium (dollars in thousands) - excerpt -
Licensee Site Federal reimbur- sement ratio e) Total Payments FY 1994 - FY 2001 Estimated Payments: FY 2001 through End of Program. b)
- American Nuclear Corporation Gas Hills, WY 0.365 807 20
- State of Wyoming 1,218 626
Atlantic Richfield Company Bluewater, NM 0.370 32,306 0
Atlas Corporation/Moab Mill Reclamation Trust. d) Moab, UT 0.561 8,903 789
Cotter Corporation Cañon City, CO 0.143 2,391 736
Dawn Mining Company Ford, WA 0.378 3,124 4,740
Homestake Mining Company Grants, NM 0.512 35,540 17,410
Pathfinder Mines Corporation Lucky Mc, WY 0.243 7,532 1,167
Petrotomics Company Shirley Basin, WY 0.115 2,392 516
Quivira Mining Company Ambrosia Lake, NM 0.302 14,249 6,844
Tennessee Valley Authority Edgemont, SD 0.813 12,334 3,795
Umetco Minerals Corporation Uravan, CO 0.543 43,270 13,313
East Gas Hills, WY 0.263 13,568 7,305
Western Nuclear, Incorporated Split Rock, WY 0.435 27,521 4,177
Sub-total, Uranium 0.552 205,155 61,438

b) These amounts are estimates of future claims provided by the licensees in early 2001.
d) Effective December 30, 1999, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission transferred the license from the Atlas Corporation to a newly created trust approved by a bankruptcy court. In FY 2000 and FY 2001, Title X payments were made to the trust. The license was terminated and DOE assumed title to the site in October 2001. The current trust is expected to be dissolved in early CY 2002, and a new trust will be formed and will be eligible for reimbursement of the remaining claim amount that is scheduled for approval in April 2002. That will be the final Title X liability for the Moab site.
e) the portion of costs of remedial action attributable to byproduct material generated as an incident of sales to the United States

Sources:
FY 2003 Congressional Budget, Environmental Management/Uranium Facilities Maintenance and Remediation Appropriation Language external link (132k PDF)
Federal Register: May 23, 1994: 10 CFR Part 765, Reimbursement for Costs of Remedial Action at Active Uranium and Thorium Processing Sites; Final Rule and Notice


USA: Costs for UMTRA Project (Title I Sites)

U.S. Uranium Production Facilities: Operating History and Remediation Cost Under Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action Project as of 2000 external link, U.S. DOE Energy Information Administration, August 2001

Locations and Status of UMTRAP sites external link (map - US DOE IDB97)
Estimated cost and cancer deaths prevented by the UMTRA project based on FY98 federal UMTRA budget
Site Tailings [million t] (a) Cleanup cost
[US$ million]
Specific cost
[US$/t tailings]
Deaths prevented
in 100 years
Cost per death prevented in 100 years
[US$ million]
Grand Junction, CO 4.2 256.3 61 588 0.44
Salt Lake City, UT 3.3 75.0 23 313 0.24
Rifle, CO 3.8 94.9 25 40 2.4
Durango, CO 3.1 63.1 20 22 2.8
Canonsburg, PA 0.32 35.8 112 15.0 2.4
Gunnison, CO 1.0 63.2 63 6.5 9.7
Riverton, WY 2.2 45.6 21 5.6 8.1
Falls City, TX 6.7 56.7 8.5 2.3 25
Shiprock, NM 3.4 22.9 6.7 2.0 11
Tuba City, AZ 2.0 34.9 17 1.9 18
Mexican Hat, UT 3.1 53.2 17 1.3 41
Naturita, CO 0.7 59.8 85 0.91 66
Lakeview, OR 1.2 32.6 27 0.27 120
Ambrosia Lake, NM 3.3 39.0 12 0.086 450
Monument Valley, AZ 1.3 23.3 18 0.016 1,500
Lowman, ID 0.15 14.9 99 0.013 1,100
Green River, UT 0.46 21.5 47 0.007 3,100
Slick Rock, CO 0.8 53.1 66 0.003 18,000
Maybell, CO 3.9 39.1 10 0.003 13,000
Spook, WY 0.38 10.3 27 0.002 5,200
Site totals 45.31 1,105.2 24 999 1.1
Vicinity properties 345.2 290 1.2
Grand totals 1,450.4 1,289 1.1
(a) calculated from volume using density of 1.6
t = metric tonne
Sources:
Mark L. Miller, Robert E. Cornish, and C. Beth Pomatto: Calculation of the Number of Cancer Deaths Prevented by the Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action Project, in: Health Physics, Vol. 76, No. 5, (May 1999), p. 544-546. Decommissioning Data - USA

> See also: Risk Reduction and Cost-Effectiveness in the UMTRA Project external link, by Robert E. Cornish, Mark L. Miller, C. Beth Pomatto; Waste Management Symposium, Tucson, Arizona, 1997

US DOE Cost Reduction and Productivity Improvement:

National Performance Review 1994 external link
The Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action (UMTRA) Project Office at DOE's Albuquerque Operations Office external link has saved or avoided costs of $59 million since instituting its Cost Reduction/Productivity Improvement Program (CR/PIP) in 1988.



US GAO Review of UMTRA Project

Uranium Mill Tailings: Cleanup Continues, But Future Costs Are Uncertain, U.S. General Accounting Office, Chapter Report, December 15, 1995, GAO/RCED-96-37.
> download full text external link
Pursuant to a legislative requirement, GAO reviewed the Department of Energy's (DOE) program for cleaning up uranium mill tailings, focusing on: (1) the status and cost of DOE surface and groundwater cleanups; and (2) factors that could affect the federal government's costs and liabilities in the future. GAO noted that:
  1. DOE intends to complete the cleanup of surface and groundwater contamination sites by 2014, at a cost of more than $2.4 billion;
  2. out of 24 sites, surface cleanup is complete at 15, under way at 7, and idle at 2;
  3. surface cleanup costs total around $2 billion to date and may be completed in 1998 at an additional cost of $300 million;
  4. DOE postponed its groundwater cleanup until 1991 because of its focus on surface cleanup and a delay in the Environmental Protection Agency's final groundwater standards;
  5. DOE has not reached an agreement with any of the affected states or tribes to develop cleanup strategies or financial support;
  6. DOE will need another $147 million to clean up the affected groundwater sites;
  7. the costs and completion dates of the cleanups depend on whether DOE keeps a disposal site open to dispose of future unearthed tailings and whether states contribute 10 percent of the groundwater cleanup expenses; and
  8. the Nuclear Regulatory Commission has not updated the minimum charge for owners of Title II sites to reflect the cost of basic surveillance and maintenance.



Uranium Mill Tailings: Status and Future Costs of Cleanup, Testimony, February 28, 1996, GAO/T-RCED-96- 85. (Statement of Bernice Steinhardt, Associate Director, Energy, Resources, and Science Issues, Resources, Community, and Economic Development Division, before the Subcommittee on Energy and Power, Committee on Commerce, House of Representatives)
> download full text external link
GAO reviewed the status and cost of the Department of Energy's (DOE) uranium mill tailings cleanup program and the factors that could affect future costs. GAO found that:
  1. if DOE completes its surface cleanup program in 1998, it will have cost $2.3 billion, taken 8 years longer than expected, and be $621 million over budget;
  2. DOE cleanup costs increased because there were more contaminated sites than originally anticipated, some sites had more contamination than others, changes were needed to respond to state and local concerns;
 



DOE Cleanup: Status and Future Costs of Uranium Mill Tailings Program, by Bernice Steinhardt, Associate Director for Energy, Resources, and Science Issues, before the Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, House Committee on Science. GAO/T-RCED-96-167, May 1, 1996.
> download full text external link