Wednesday, Dec. 19, 2012
By Maryann Batlle
Cronkite News
WASHINGTON – For seven weeks this fall, workers and scientists labored from 7:30 a.m. to 5 p.m., six days a week, digging up and hauling off thousands of cubic yards of uranium-tainted soil in Cove, Ariz., and sealing what remained.
The $1.5 million project by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was an emergency measure to clean up two former uranium transfer stations because of their proximity to a day school, a house – which sat on top of one station – and a highway on the Navajo Nation.
The goal was to remove the immediate threat of uranium contamination, stabilize the soil and keep uranium from becoming windborne.
It’s a stopgap measure on two tainted sites among at least 500 – possibly more than 2,000 – that pose a threat to people on the Navajo reservation that spans parts of Utah, New Mexico and Northern Arizona.
More than six decades after the first mines opened on Navajo lands, it is still unclear how many sites need to be cleaned up, how many people may be suffering from the effects of uranium exposure and what can be done to contain all the hazardous material in these communities – if that’s even possible.
What everyone can agree on is that overcoming the legacy of uranium mining will take a long, long time.
“They say it’s a widow community,” Eugene Esplain said of Cove, where this fall’s cleanup took place. “So many men have died from the impacts of uranium mining.”
UNCOVERING THE PROBLEM
Mining activity at the Cove sites ended around 1968. But it was not until the 1990s and early 2000s that both Navajo and U.S. environmental agencies officially began to report that human health and environmental dangers might be emanating from the transfer stations, according to an EPA report on the sites.
EPA Region 9, which has jurisdiction over the Pacific Southwest region that includes 148 tribal nations, found “elevated radiation levels” at the two Cove transfer stations during aerial surveys of the Lukachukai Mountains.
The Navajo Nation EPA, which did its own assessments and conducted removal of some contamination from Transfer Station 1 in the early 2000s, then teamed with the U.S. EPA for help with further cleanup.
Tufts University Professor Doug Brugge first heard of the contaminated sites in 1995, when he was in Cove with some Navajo colleagues who were collecting oral histories from men who had worked in the uranium mines. One of Brugge’s partners at the time pointed out a former mining transfer station.
“It’s interesting that there were people in the community 17 years ago that knew about it and knew that it was a problem,” he said.
Brugge, currently a professor of public health and community medicine at Tufts, said it is reasonable to think that if a community is exposed to uranium, there might be some health effects for neighbors.
It is difficult to say exactly how many of the health problems experienced by people living near mines and other contaminated sites is directly related to uranium exposure, Brugge said.
What is known is that uranium contains toxic material and poses a health risk, one that residents in places such as Phoenix or New York City would not tolerate for very long, he said. If people in those cities “found there was radioactive material in their backyard … there would be a very aggressive response,” Brugge said.
The recent cleanup of the Cove transfer stations was “straightforward,” according to Rusty Harris-Bishop, a spokesman for EPA Region 9 in San Francisco.
Under the project, the EPA scanned the area with tools, dug for samples, tested them and began removing contaminated dirt. EPA crews used construction equipment to take contaminated soil from both sites and place them on low mounds on Transfer Station 2, which was an open field.
Workers covered those mounds with “polymeric soil sealant,” a liquid chemical that is commonly used for dust control, to keep the contaminated dirt from wind and rain erosion, Harris-Bishop said.
During the cleanup, workers constantly hosed down the dirt to keep down contaminated dust, Waldon said. The EPA also set up air monitors to make sure that radiation levels didn’t endanger students at the neighborhood school, she said.
In the end, just under 12,000 cubic yards of material were removed, according to Waldon.
“We know that because we know how much yardage fits in a dump truck, and we know how many trips the dump truck did every day,” she said.
Though the cleanup is technically complete, the EPA said it found some contamination that was not detected during the original pre-removal assessment.
“We will likely return in the spring to conduct an assessment of the new areas,” Harris-Bishop said in an email.
MORE TO BE DONE
And those actions are only a temporary solution: The Navajo Nation still has to come up with a permanent way to contain the material, according to Esplain and the U.S. EPA.
The transfer stations are small examples of the kind of work that needs to be done hundreds, if not thousands, of times on the Navajo Nation.
Esplain said the Navajo EPA tries to educate people on the dangers of uranium contamination and how to avoid coming into contact with it, but some exposure is unavoidable.
Meanwhile, residents there continue to live alongside the uranium, a hazard that cannot be smelled or tasted. They may drink from tainted wells and their animals might graze on contaminated fields.
When the wind blows it carries uranium dust into the air and people bring it into their lungs simply by breathing. But for now it is part of living on the reservation for some residents.
“It’s inside of us and it won’t come out,” Esplain said.
Read all the story here:
http://cronkitenewsonline.com/2012/12/uranium-cleanup-on-navajo-nation-complicated-by-scope-history-of-problem/
