Comment: The local uranium corporation in Virginia is always using France as the poster child for Nuke Power and Uranium Mining, well France are failures and do not believe the fairy tales of the French Nukes!
Abstract. At all the French uranium mines where it made radiological surveys, the CRIIRAD laboratory discovered situations of environmental contamination and a lack of proper protection of the inhabitants against health risks due to ionizing radiation.
Radiological problems are not only to be addressed during mining or milling operations but also on the longer term after mine closure.
Uranium and its by-products
All natural uranium isotopes (238U, 234U, 235U) are radioactive. The most common isotope, 238U, decays naturally into a succession of 13 other radioactive nuclides. All are metals (thorium 230, radium 226, lead 210, polonium 210, etc) except one, radon 222, which is a radioactive gas.
Uranium and its decay products emit various ionizing radiation such as alpha and beta particles and gamma radiation.
This presence of natural uranium in the Earth crust, and therefore in numerous building materials made out of natural minerals, is the main source of exposure of mankind to ionizing radiation. This is especially due to the diffusion of radon gas from the soil and materials containing uranium- and its accumulation in the air inside buildings and dwellings.
This radiological hazard is now well documented and International (The International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP) and European (Euratom) regulations determine recommendations and action levels in order to lower radon concentration inside buildings and reduce cancer risks.
The health impacts of ionizing radiation even at low doses include the increase of various types of cancers, genomic instability, life-shortening and negative impacts on all the body functions.
Radiological situation before extraction
The activities of uranium ores have an important variability.
Typical ore with a uranium content of 0.2 % has a 238U activity of about 25,000 Bq/kg. The total activity, including all the 238U by-products and the 235U decay chain will therefore exceed 360,000 Bq/kg. Such material should be managed with a great deal of caution due to the risks of exposure to ionizing radiation.
As long as the ore remains buried underground - the depth being a few tens and even a few hundreds of meters - the radiation levels at the surface of the earth remain low and usually have the same order of magnitude as of typical natural radiation levels.
Indeed, alpha and low energy beta particles are stopped by a thin layer of soil (much less than 1 cm.). Even penetrating gamma radiation does not cross a layer of soil of a few meters.
Regarding the radiological characteristics of air and water, the situation is more complex.
Nevertheless before mining activities most of the radon gas remains trapped inside the soil. Because of its short half-life (3.8 days) a lot of the gas atoms will disintegrate inside the soil during their migration before reaching the biosphere.
The amount of nuclides in underground water may remain low if the minerals containing uranium are trapped in unpermeable layers.
Radiological situation during uranium extraction
The radiological situation is reversed as soon as the uranium extraction begins.
There are many reasons for this. Radioactive dust is transferred to the atmosphere by mining operations, extraction and crushing of ore, uranium milling, management of waste rocks and tailings.
This has to be emphasized because some of the nuclides contained in the uranium decay chains (such has thorium 230) are very radiotoxic when inhaled.
For example, when inhaled, a given activity of actinium 227 (part of the 235U decay chain) gives a radiation dose 5 times higher than the same activity of plutonium 238 (Euratom 1996).
Radon gas is transferred to the atmosphere by the vents of the mines and by diffusion from radioactive rocks and tailings (Chareyron and Castanier 1994).
Surface and / or underground water is contaminated by uranium and its by products.
Some of them are very radiotoxic when ingested (Chareyron and Castanier 1994). Lead 210 and polonium 210 for example are among the most radiotoxic elements. When ingested, a given activity of polonium 210 gives a radiation dose 4.8 times higher than the same activity of plutonium 239 (Euratom 1996).
Huge amounts of waste rocks, with activities exceeding the normal activity of the earth crust by one to two orders of magnitude are dispersed into the environRadiological hazards from uranium mining
ment and may be used for landfill, road construction or even building (Chareyron 2002b).
Huge amounts of radioactive tailings (with typical total activities exceeding 100,000 and even 500,000 Bq/kg) are generated and stored without proper confinement (Chareyron and Castanier 1994).
Long term contamination after mines closure
Even decades after the shut down of uranium mines and mills, the radioactive contamination of the environment will remain.
This is due to the fact that 238U half life is very long (4.5 billion years). But even the tailings from the mills - whose uranium content is lower than the initial uranium concentration in the ore - will remain radioactive on the long term.
They contain all the radioactive metals included in the uranium decay chain which have not been extracted in the mill, especially thorium 230 and radium 226 whose half lives are 75,000 years and 1,600 years respectively.
This long term impact will occur in many ways. Some examples are given below, based on studies performed by the CRIIRAD laboratory since 1992 in France (and Niger).
Transfer of radionuclides to the aquatic environment
Accumulation of radioactive metals in sediments and plants of rivers, ponds, and lakes by contaminated waters from former mines (and also tailing deposits, uncovered waste rock deposits, etc.) is a problem that is not yet properly addressed by the companies.
Table 1. Radioactivity of sediments upstream and downstream Saint-Pierre a mine (year 2003, 2004, 2006). Sample type Sample Location Year Uranium 238 (Bq/kg dry) Radium 226 (Bq/kg dry) Lead 210 (Bq/kg dry)
Sediment Brook, upstream 2006 76 77 123 Sediment Ditch. near Lake, downstream 2003 49,900 1,191 1,387 Sediment Ditch. near Lake 2006 144,000 430 2,150 Sediment Lake, downstream 2004 126,000 735 3,533 a Saint Pierre mine is located in Cantal (France). Uranium extraction took place from 1956 to 1985.
The mining companies were SCUMRA, then Total Compagnie Minière. The site is now under COGEMA-AREVA’s responsibility (Chareyron 2004, 2005a; Chareyron and Constantin Blanc 2007).
4 Bruno Chareyron 1
The CRIIRAD laboratory discovered that sediments, aquatic plants and soil from river banks downstream former uranium mines have such a contamination that they deserve in many cases the terminology: “radioactive waste” (238U activity or the activity of some of its by-products were exceeding 10,000 Bq/kg).
Some results are summarized in tables above (Table 1) and below (Tables 2 to 4).
Table 2.
Radioactivity of sediments and soil upstream and downstream Les Bois Noirs b uranium mine (year 1996, 2001 and 2006).
Sample type Sample
Location Year Uranium 238 (Bq/kg dry) Radium 226 (Bq/kg dry) Lead 210 (Bq/kg dry) Sediments River,
upstream
1996 87 85 109 Marshy soil downstream tailings pond
2001 7,900 18,400 7,500 Sediments River, 25 m downstream water discharge
2001 510 770 390 Soil River shore 25 m downstream discharge
2001 5,900 10,600 4,100 Deep sediment (20/30 cm) Dam, 12 km downstream
1996 4,048 1,928 1,613 Sediment Dam, 12 km downstream
2006 4,700 1,630 1,680 b Les Bois Noirs mine is located in the Loire department (France). Uranium has been extracted there from 1955 to 1980 by the CEA and then COGEMA-AREVA. (Chareyron
2002b, Chareyron 2008b).
As shown in the table above (Table 2) the accumulation of uranium and or radium downstream uranium mines is usually more intense for surface soil sampled from the river shore than for river sediments (one order of magnitude in this example).
Bioaccumulation of radioactive metals can be extremely high in the biota. In some cases, the contamination of aquatic plants by radium 226 downstream uranium mines can exceed 100,000 Bq/kg dry (Table 3). This shows that the mine water treatment system is not operating properly.
The problem of bioaccumulation is usually not taken into consideration by the companies nor the dministrations in charge of environmental monitoring and regulatory control.
It should be noted as well that radioactive metals are transported far away from the mines. At Les Bois Noirs mine, uranium accumulation in sediments is still 54 times above background value 12 km downstream the mine (Table 2).
Uranium Radiological hazards from uranium mining 5 and radium accumulation in aquatic plants are 4 to 6 times above background value 30 km downstream the discharge pipe from the mine (Table 3).
Table 3. Radioactivity of aquatic plants upstream and downstream Les Bois Noirs b uranium
mine (Year 2001 and 2006) Sample type Sample Location Year Uranium 238 (Bq/kg dry) Radium 226
(Bq/kg dry) Lead 210 (Bq/kg dry)
Fontinales River, upstream
2001 109 144 323 Fontinales Drain downstream tailings pond
2001 32,400 113 1,250 Fontinales River, 25 m downstream the discharge pipe
2001 9,000 93,600 1,430 Fontinales River 1.5 km downstream
2001 3,500 37,800 600 Fontinales River, 9 km downstream
2001 1,900 5,500 480 Fontinales River, 30 km downstream
2001 450 990 210 Fontinales Inside discharge pipe
2006 3,400 143,000 6,000 Fontinales River < 1 km downstream
2006 10,200 147,000 2,400
Table 4. Radioactivity of sediments and soil upstream and downstream (PDL) Puy de l’Agec and (BZN) Bellezaned uranium mines (year 1993, 2004).
Sample / Mine Sample Location Year Uranium 238 (Bq/kg dry) Radium 226 (Bq/kg dry) Lead 210 (Bq/kg dry) Sediment River, upstream
1993 73 60 68 Sediment / PDL River, downstream
1993 13,470 28,740 7,282 Sediment / BZN River, downstream
1993 36,167 1,971 1,928 Sediment / BZN River, 1.5 m downstream
2004 63,000 13,400 2,770
Puy de l’Age mine is located in the department of Haute-Vienne (Limousin, France). The mine has been reclaimed by COGEMA-AREVA in 1993 (Chareyron and Castanier, 1994).
Bellezane mine is located in the department of Haute-Vienne (Limousin, France). Uranium has been extracted from 1975 to 1992 by COGEMA-AREVA (Chareyron and Castanier, 1994, Chareyron 2006).
6 Bruno Chareyron 1
Dispersal of radioactive minerals
At many places, radioactive minerals from the mines are kept by local people or former workers unaware of the radiological hazards which are, in some cases, verysignificant.
For example, the CRIIRAD laboratory discovered in France that an inhabitant living near Les Bois Noir former uranium mine was keeping a sample of waste rock with a dose rate of 1 milliSievert per hour at the surface of the stone (Chareyron, 2002a).
This figure is about 5,000 times above local background level. The gamma doserate was 18.3 microSievert per hour at a distance of one meter. Staying at a distance of 1 meter during only 10 minutes per day will lead to exceeding the annual maximum permissible dose for members of the public i.e. 1 milliSievert per year (Euratom, 1996).
Dispersal of radioactive waste rocks and radon gas accumulation
Re-use of radioactive waste rocks for landfill has been in some areas a common practice. CRIIRAD demonstrated that several places near a French uranium mine were contaminated including the car park of a restaurant, the yard of a farm, several sawmill buildings, kilometres of path and ro ads, etc. (Chareyron 2002b).
The mining company had therefore to pay during year 2003, for the evacuation of 8,000 m3 of radioactive waste rock from the sawmill back to the former open pit (Chareyron 2002b).
Dispersal of contaminated scrap metal
Dispersal and re-use of contaminated scrap metal from the mines or mills has also been a common practice. During 2003, the CRIIRAD laboratory discovered in Niger that radioactive scrap metal was sold in Arlit city. One piece was a pipe from the uranium mill. It was sold without previous decontamination and the 226Ra activity of the crust inside the pipe exceeded 200,000 Bq/kg. Such a practice cannot be justified.
The mining company COGEMA (now known as AREVA) stated that before 1999, no radiation limit was used for scrap metal recycling. Later, a dose limit of 1 microGray per hour at a distance of 50 cm had been applied. Such a limit is much too high. If someone uses such metallic pieces inside his house – which is common in African countries –staying 3 hours per day at a distance of 50 cm will lead to exceed the annual maximum permissible dose for members of the public. (Chareyron 2003, 2005b).
Radiological hazards from uranium mining
At present, discussions are still going on with the mining company, local NGO’s and the administration, in order to decide whether radioactive rocks used at other places will or will not be evacuated (ski resort house, garage of a citizen, etc.).
Radioactive material have been detected again in 2007 inside private houses or at scrap merchants (Chareyron 2008a).
Problems posed by the disposal of tailings
The disposal of radioactive tailings and their control on the long term, has not received yet satisfying solutions, taking into consideration their activity, radiotoxicity and long half-lives. Some examples from France (where about 50 million tons of tailings are stored) and Niger are given below.
In France 1.5 million tons of tailings have been dumped in a former open pit (Bellezane mine) but the CRIIRAD laboratory discovered that the finest fraction of the radioactive material could reach the underground galleries underneath the pit. Furthermore, the mine water treatment plant was not efficient enough to prevent the contamination of the river and meadows downstream (Chareyron and
Castanier 1994, Chareyron 2006).
In Niger, more than 20 million tons of radioactive tailings are stored in the open air, near SOMAÏR and COMINAK mills, a few kilometers away from the cities of ARLIT and AKOKAN (about 70,000 inhabitants). Radon gas and radioactive dust can be scattered away by the powerfull winds of the desert (Chareyron 2003, 2005b, 2008a).
Conclusion
At all the French uranium mines where it made radiological surveys, the CRIIRAD laboratory discovered situations of environmental contamination and a lack of proper protection of the inhabitants against health risks due to ionizing radiation.
This is due to the lack of proper regulations, a poor awareness of the radiological hazards associated with uranium and its by products, insufficient monitoring practices, the lack of controls by the local and national administration, etc.
When the mines are shut down, the radioactive waste remains, and it seems that the costs for managing this radioactive legacy will have to be largely supported by the society, not the companies.
If such a situation occurs in a so-called “developed country” one should fear what could actually happen in other parts of the world.
The preliminary mission made by CRIIRAD to Niger confirmed this fear. In Gabon, the improvement of
the conditions in which tailings are disposed is being paid for by the European Community and not by the mining company. The former workers and local population do not benefit any more from medical care and they receive no compensation when they become sick, years and decades after the mine shut down. 8 Bruno Chareyron 1
References
Chareyron B, Castanier C (1994) CRIIRAD, Etudes radioécologiques sur la division minière
de la Crouzille, Février 1994 Chareyron B (2002a) Compte rendu de mesures effectuées par le laboratoire de la
CRIIRAD sur un bloc de minerai d’uranium présent chez un particulier de la commune
de Saint-Priest-La-Prugne (Loire) Chareyron B (2002b) Rapport CRIIRAD N°03-38, Bilan radioécologique du Site Bois
Noirs, octobre 2002 Chareyron B (2003) Note CRIIRAD N°03-40. Compte rendu de mission à Arlit (Niger) du
3 au 11 décembre 2003. Décembre 2003 Chareyron B (2004) Rapport CRIIRAD N°04-05. Contrôles radiologiques préliminaires dans l’environnement de la mine d’uranium de Saint-Pierre (Cantal). Mars 2004 Chareyron B (2005a) Note CRIIRAD N°05-02. Analyse de sédiments lors de la vidange du lac de Saint-Pierre (Cantal). Mars-avril 2005
Chareyron B (2005b) Note CRIIRAD N°05-17. Impact de l’exploitation de l’uranium par
les filiales de COGEMA-AREVA au Niger. Avril 2005 Chareyron B (2006) Note CRIIRAD N°06-41. Remarques sur le projet COGEMA-AREVA de stockage de boues et sédiments contaminés sur le site de Bellezane (Haute-Vienne).
Juin 2006 Chareyron B, Constantin-Blanc T (2007) Rapport CRIIRAD N°07-68 Expertise 2006 Phase
2 Tome 1 Milieu aquatique. Situation radiologique de la mine d’uranium de Saint-Pierre (Cantal) et de son environnement. Octobre 2007 Chareyron B (2008a) Note CRIIRAD N°08-02 AREVA : du discours à la réalité –L’exemple des mines d’uranium du Niger. Janvier 2008 Chareyron B (2008b) Note de synthèse CRIIRAD N°08-50 Ancien site d’extraction
d’uranium AREVA des Bois Noirs / Suivi CRIIRAD-Collectif des Bois Noirs 2006-2007. Avril 2008 EURATOM (1996) Directive 96/29/Euratom du Conseil, du 13 mai 1996, fixant les normes de base relatives à la protection sanitaire de la population et des travailleurs contre les dangers résultant des rayonnements ionisants. L 159
1CRIIRAD (Commission de Recherche et d’Information Indépendantes sur la Radioactivité),Immeuble CIME, 471 av Victor Hugo, 26 000 Valence, FRANCE, Email: bruno.chareyron@criirad.org
Read more at:
http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.criirad.org%2Faccueil.html
Failed French Uranium Model: http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/ST/NE/NEFW/documents/RawMaterials/CD_TM_Swakopmund%20200710/14%20Petitclerc.PDF
http://www.virginiauranium.com/pdf/Coles_Hill_Progress_Fall_Winter2009.pdf
